The 18 Hardest ACT English Questions Ever

The 18 Hardest ACT English Questions Ever SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips On the off chance that you’ve been working diligently reading for the ACT, you’ve aced the nuts and bolts of the test. Be that as it may, would you say you are prepared to handle the hardest language structure, accentuation, linguistic structure, and composing rationale addresses that ACT English will toss at you? Peruse this article to take a stab at 18 of the hardest, most befuddling difficulties ACT English stances. At that point look at the nitty gritty clarifications of what really matters to each address, how to understand it and others like it, and what to keep an eye out for when confronted with comparative inquiries on the genuine test. For what reason Should You Care About the Hardest ACT English Questions? Obviously it is a great idea to have the option to address all the inquiries you'll see on the ACT. However, how profoundly you ought to be worried about acing the hardest inquiries relies upon what yourtarget score is. Are you attempting to get as near aperfect ACT score as possible?Getting over a 33 on ACT English leaves basically no space for mistake, so if you’re focusing on the most elevated scores, these are the issues you should be capable toanswer effectively. On the off chance that you’re lessconcerned with getting the most ideal score, at that point it’s great to realize what the hardest inquiries resemble on the grounds that your procedure might be to skirt some of them. What Makes ACT EnglishQuestions Hard? Shockingly, questions aren’t hard in light of the fact that they test new or progressively complex material.Instead, makes the hardest inquiries so testing that regularly, they solicit you to complete a few sorts from speculation simultaneously. Frequently, questions propose counterfactual thoughts, where you need to remember both the first and a totally unique variant of the content. For instance, a customary perusing appreciation inquiry would pose to what the primary concern of a section is. In the interim, a troublesome perusing understanding inquiry would initially introduce a situation where the entry was modified here and there, and afterward ask how its primary concern would change accordingly. (See Question 8 underneath for how this functions practically speaking.) Likewise conceivable are questions that test a few distinctive language structure, accentuation, and style issues without a moment's delay. For example, each proposed answer decision for a hard sentence structure based inquiry could be totally conceivable instead of clearly off-base. You would need to look over the sentence for importance and style, not simply linguistic data, so as to answer accurately. (Question 5 does this specific stunt.) At long last, questions can include a layer of intricacy byswitching from a meticulous to a major picture center. You could be asked to effectively finish a sentence in an entry - and afterward understand that your answer changes relying upon how you decipher that section! (Question 7 is a model ofthis.) Multifaceted nature is made when numerous straightforward things are layered on one another. Spoiler Warning! Before I show you the genuine hardest inquiries, I believe it's not out of the question to caution you. These inquiries are all fromthe official ACT practice tests(the PDF tests, not the online oneon the ACT site)! On the off chance that you’re the kind of individual who will see them once and recollect them perpetually, perhaps hold back to peruse the remainder of the article till after you’ve taken the training tests in test-day conditions. The Hardest ACT English Questions Since ACT English is a completely entry based segment, these inquiries originate from long sections, which I for the most part haven’t included. Attempt to address each interrogate in regarding 35 seconds †that’s to what extent you’ll have on the test. When you're set, look at theanswer and clarification that follows each question. Question 1 The region made along these lines and cleared it with pressed rock, so they would have a quiet spot to climb and bicycle. Which of the accompanying options in contrast to the underlined part would NOT be adequate? way, clearing way and afterward cleared way before clearing way cleared The Challenge This inquiry is hard for two reasons. To start with, in light of the fact that your cerebrum is prepared to accept that most answers aren't right, so this converse inquiry group - where the greater part of the appropriate responses are right - is testing. Also, second,because each recommended choice tests your insight into an alternate bit of language structure. Answer: D Clarification To locate the unsatisfactory other option, let’s first make sense of the meaningof the first sentence. Two things occurred: first the area made the way, and afterward the province cleared it. So any answer decisions that express this succession of occasions would fit the sentence, and therefore not be an inappropriate answer that we are searching for here. Answers A, B, and C all express a similar thought in marginally unique ways,creating entirely syntactic expressions. Presently let’s see what happens when we plug in answer J. We get this abnormal sentence: â€Å"The area made thusly cleared it with pressed gravel†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This is obviously arun-on sentence, so answer J is our oddball. Question 2 The principal train took twenty-six minutes to finish the course, which ran from City Hall to West 145th Street in less than a 30 minutes. NO CHANGE in the finish of its course. in twenty-six minutes. Erase the underlined bit and end the sentence with a period. The Challenge Repetition is some of the time precarious to spot. Particularly when, as here, the rehashing thing is an idea as opposed to a word utilized more than once, and is put far away in the sentence from whatever it’s copying. Answer: D Clarification You initially need to understand that 26 minutes is a similar thing as under a than half hour.Once you see this, you realize that the inquiry is trying altering out redundancy. The first (answer A) doesn’t work, since it’s rehashing the course length previously depicted in the start of the sentence.Answer C has a similar issue †it’s rehashing the course time precisely as of now expressed.Answer B takes one kind of repetition and replaces it with another, since it’s only a variation of the words â€Å"to complete the route† as of now in the sentence. In this way, the main answer that fixes all the redundancies is D. Question 3 The fresco is a unique work in light of the fact that, by catching the vitality, mankind, and aggregate accomplishment of the Detroit laborers, commends every single working man and ladies. NO CHANGE that, while, that was, The Challenge By interfering with the sentence with a long aside, the inquiry breaks your fixation and makes it difficult to see that in spite of the fact that â€Å"because† fits the importance and rationale of the sentence, it isn't syntactic. Answer: B Clarification On the off chance that you understand that the sentence is being broken down the middle by a long elucidating phrase, at that point you can just take it out! Without the phraseby catching the vitality, humankind, and aggregate accomplishment of the Detroit laborers, our sentence basically peruses: The fresco is a powerful work in light of the fact that praises every single working man and ladies. That plainly doesn't work, so answer An is out. Presently you can basically connect different responses to see which of them bodes well. C and D likewise make drivel sentences. Answer B is the main decision that gives us a practical sentence with orwithoutthe long clear expression. Question 4 We talked simply as we had before, when we would sit in the field behind Joan’s house on the hare box and examine our companions and our desires for what's to come. NO CHANGE in the field on the hare box behind Joan’s house on the hare box in the field behind Joan’s house behind Joan’s house in the field on the hare box The Challenge This inquiry is tied in with making sense of how to fixmisplaced modifiers. It's hard on the grounds that there’s a befuddling muddle of three diverse prepositional expressions that you need to sort into the correct request. Answer: C Clarification Let make a psychological picture of what’s occurring, and afterward zoom out to do the right position of bodies. Envision a film camera actually zooming out from the discussion to give us where these two individuals are: There are two individuals. They are perched on the hare pen (fundamentally a little shed). The pen is in a field. The field is behind Joan’s house. Alright, so now let’s experience the responses to see which depicts that reality. The first content (answer A) says, fundamentally: There are two individuals. They are sitting in a field. The field is behind Joan’s house. Either the field or Joan’s house is on the hare pen. That has neither rhyme nor reason. Answer Bgoes: There are two individuals. They’re sitting in a field. The field is on the bunny hutch†¦ alright, that’s likewise off-base. Answer Dhas: There are two individuals. They are sitting behind Joan’s house. They are in a field. The field is on the bunny pen. That’s a similar issue once more. Just answer Cfits our psychological picture of the scene. Try not to picture the hares in your psychological film, however. Their adorableness is too diverting. Question 5 In some rural pieces of Japan, for example, these three stars are normally alluded to as Karasuki and speak to a three-pronged furrow. Given that all the decisions are valid, which one gives a detail that has the most immediate association with the data that follows in this sentence? NO CHANGE far off populated notable The Challenge Questions where there is no coherently â€Å"wrong† answer are hard on the grounds that you can’t effectively dispose of answers by a fast look. Here, you need to remove the right data from the sentence and fit it to thevocabulary advertised. Answer: A Clarification Since the inquiry pose to us to interface anadjective to what the sentence is about, let’s first make sense of what is being depicted. The bits of data we have are: Something about stars A remote word for the stars The stars resemble a sort

Coursework of innovation and technology transfer Essay

Coursework of development and innovation move - Essay Example For exð °mple, since 1981, grð °ms-per-mile (gpm) discharges of cð °rbon monoxide Ð °nd hydrocð °rbons hð °ve been decreased to Ð ° mð °ximum of 4 percent of their mid-1960s levels. In Ð pril 2002, Cð °lifornið ° becð °me the principal US stð °te in which Ð ° bill limiting cð °rbon dioxide outflows from Ð °utomobiles wð °s presented. Current nð °tionð °l regulð °tions cð °ll for less thð °n 0.25 gpm of nonmethð °ne hydrocð °rbons in vehicle exhð °ust, less thð °n 3.4 gpm of cð °rbon monoxide, Ð °nd less thð °n 0.4 gpm of nitrogen oxides. Unfortunð °tely, reð °l-world discharges of cð °rbon monoxide Ð °nd hydrocð °rbons Ð °re typicð °lly Ð °bout multiple times higher thð °n the levels tried in the lð °b, while outflows of nitrogen oxides Ð °re Ð °bout multiple times higher. The reð °son is thð °t a few discharges tests don't mð °tch reð °l-world driving conditions well overall. Ð lso, a few outflows controls don't endure the weð °r Ð ° nd teð °r of driving. Overð °ll, this is still Ð ° mð °jor Ð °chievement, Ð °nd the Ð °ir is noticeð °bly cleð °ner in some U.S. urban communities. To react to the chð °llenges of the cleð °ner Ð °ir Ð °nd less contaminations done by Ð °utomobiles, the electric vehicle hð °s been presented on the mð °rket in the nineteenth century. Anyway it fð °ded Ð °s the gð °soline fueled motor took the spotlight. Flow pð °per is Ð °imed Ð °t introducing the electric vehicle mð °rket chð °llenges Ð °nd importð °nce of this innovð °tion Ð °s one of the Ð °lternð °tives in the Ð °utomobile business. The pð °per talks about the significð °nce of the innovation, serious Ð °dvð °ntð °ge on the mð °rket Ð °s well Ð °s dangers Ð °ssocið °ted with the acquaintance of the electric vehicle with the Ð °utomobile business. Cð °lifornið ° single hð °ndedly drove the Ð °utomotive business into building up the electric vehicle to its fullest cð °pð °city by founding, in 1990, the zero-outflow vehicle mð °ndð °te, or ZEV. It requires thð °t Ð ° indicated mð °nufð °cturer’s sð °les comprise of

Life Maintenance

Life Maintenance Defined succinctly, minimalism, as a lifestyle, is the art of letting go. But its worth noting that letting go is not the destination. In fact, it is not even the road that leads to the destination. Letting go is just the regularly scheduled road maintenance required to keep traffic flowing efficiently. When an actual road is filled with unplowed snow, fallen tree branches, or gaping potholes, it is difficult to traverse. Eventually, with enough obstructions, it becomes impossible. Life is the same: weve cluttered lifes roads with accoutrements, trading purpose for ephemera, and weve lost sight of the destinationâ€"a meaningful life. Minimalism simply clears the roadâ€"not of everything, but of that which is blocking the way. By letting go, we remove the debris, and the destination is easier to find. The scenery is much nicer, too. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

How to Conjugate Prévoir (to Foresee)

Is Belgian Federalism At Critical Juncture - 1373 Words

PSIR 303 Territorial Politics 127934 Alijan Artykov Is Belgian federalism at critical juncture? Abstract The aim of this paper is to analyse the basic processes pushes to federalism in Belgium,describe the current situation in the state and give my own assumption of future of the Belgium.I will use primarily official sourses and agreements to show different actors that can influence political sturcture 1.How Federation Was Established. To understand how Belgium into a federal system,we have to look into history of creation of Belgian State.Belgium was founded in 1830 as a result of Belgian Revolution with secession of southern provinces form Netherlands.Belgium has been an officially french-speaking constitutional monarchy.During 19th century in Belgium were 2 ethnic groups:Flanders(Dutch-speaking community) and Wallons(French-speaking community).After First World War received new lands from Germany and germans who lived on those territories became 3rd ethnic group in Belgium.Political elite at that time were french-speakers,which called upper class(bourgeoisie).While dutch-speakers make up a second

Mineral Water Industry Proposal Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(72) " 97 per cent of the Earth ‘s H2O is saltwater in oceans and seas\." Water is considered as the most indispensable human demands. But due to the pollution, the H2O is contaminated earnestly and it is non safe to be consumed. Because of the environment ordinance and go oning depletion of the fresh H2O resources, focal point has been shifted towards the H2O direction in order to recycle, retrieve and recycle the waste H2O by utilizing the taking engineerings. We will write a custom essay sample on Mineral Water Industry Proposal Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now If the intervention of the H2O does n’t convey into serious history, we might be possible to be infected by diseases like diarrhoea, malnutrition, enteric roundworm infections, lymphatic filariasis and other H2O – borne diseases ( Pr A ; uuml ; ss- A ; Uuml ; st A ; uuml ; n et al. , 2008 ) . One of the ways to pull off the H2O beginnings is that by utilizing it to fabricate and treat into bottled mineral H2O. The Importance of the industry to our society The bottled mineral is of import because it is really convenient. Tricia ( 2011 ) has claimed that by people would readily to hold supply of imbibing H2O to slake their thirst when H2O is non easy accessible. Bottled H2O is besides a healthier option in order to maintain us hydrated because the H2O is usually filtered and tested to guarantee that there is non harmful in it. Besides that, the mineral H2O is really light and eases for presenting procedure. Therefore, it can cut down the disbursals in transit. In add-on, the bottled H2O will be free from the stinky olfactory properties and chemical that can impact the gustatory sensation of the imbibing H2O and do it more gratifying to imbibe. The supply and demand of H2O It is a affair of satisfaction that consciousness sing purified and hygienic H2O among multitudes is turning with the transition of clip and therefore doing the mineral H2O concern swell up to 15 per cent as compared to yester twelvemonth, forcing the quantum of demand up to around 1.1 billion litres per twelvemonth since contaminated H2O persistently coming out of governmental-run H2O grapevines. Therefore, the planetary bottled H2O industry has become really profitable has grown exponentially over the past 10 to fifteen old ages. The most common supply for the mineral H2O is natural H2O which is derived from an approved belowground beginning, such as a protected good or spring that has been inspected, tested, and found to be safe and healthful with regard to H2O quality. Indeed, the mineral H2O consists of 75 % from natural resources and 25 % from the municipal H2O system. In United States, about 700 trade names of bottled H2O are sold. This broad choice reflects diverse consumer demand for safe and good-tasting imbibing H2O options. Furthermore, the immense multination presently make one million millions of dollars on H2O as they extract from the land, slap a label on and sell at competitory monetary values. For case: Aquafina ( Pepsi ) , Dasani ( Coke ) , Perrier ( Nestle ) , Evian, and Fiji Water among 100s of others. First and first, the factor impacting the addition of mineral H2O ingestion is the universe ‘s population will go on to turn in future decennaries. Other than that, it will be the in-migration of the people from the countryside to town. General life criterions are bettering, particularly in the two states with the largest populations: China and India. The universe ‘s current population of about 6.6 billion people will go on to swell over the coming decennaries. The UN predicts a planetary population of 9.2 billion people by the twelvemonth 2050. Demand for H2O will of class escalate strictly in response to this population growing. Experiences in recent decennaries even show that H2O ingestion has grown at a faster rate than the general population. This tendency is chiefly attributable to uninterrupted betterments in life criterions. In1950, for illustration, per capita one-year H2O ingestion averaged 580 M3. This figure had already risen to 625 M3s by the twelvemonth 2000 . Given the population roar in parts such as Asia particularly, this underlying tendency is improbable to be reversed for some clip. However, consumer demand for reviewing alternate drinks, every bit good as increasing public concern about wellness and fittingness and greater consumer instruction about the ingredients in nutrient and drinks, are advancing gross revenues of bottled H2O. Hence, the bottled H2O industry is indicated by the federal and ordinance which is to do certain that the quality of mineral H2O whether is safety to be drunk by public and by IBWA, the trade association stand foring the industry. A broad assortment of bottled Waterss are available to the consumer, and the bulk of these merchandises are acceptable options to imbibing H2O. The bottled H2O got the blessing for administering many authorities plans as the administering the smaller size of bottle is easier than administering the big bulk storage of H2O. The event is organized by the populace or schools besides admire to scatter the bottled H2O which is mineral H2O to people or pupil. Therefore, this will increase the demand of the bottle d mineral H2O as the big distribution to the consumer. Last but no rental, the demand of mineral H2O, supplied in plastic bottles, has been witnessed upward tendency in recent old ages as earlier urban in-between category of the society wanted to avoid water-borne diseases. But now the usage of bottle H2O has become position symbol in society and most of people particularly female normally carry fictile mineral H2O bottles with them while traveling to shopping or someplace else. The tendency of transporting mineral bottles is non merely healthy mark but besides it keeps end-consumers off from physicians. In the nutshell, the populations of planetary universe addition, the addition will the demand of clear H2O like bottled mineral H2O. Water is the most common substance found on Earth that covers over 70 per cent of whole planet and is the lone substance found of course in three signifiers: solid, liquid and gas. However, about 97 per cent of the Earth ‘s H2O is saltwater in oceans and seas. You read "Mineral Water Industry Proposal Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" Merely three per cent is freshwater while merely one per cent is available for imbibing – the staying two per cent is frozen in polar ice caps in the form of glaciers. Hence, the supply and demand for the bottled mineral H2O industry is about sufficient and really perchance will derive a monolithic net income to the company of it is managed good. Procedure of fabricating mineral H2O Springs that are disposed above an aquifer secluded from contaminations like industries runoff or healthful drainage are where mineral H2O comes from. Thus the procedure of doing mineral H2O is vitally of import. Spring H2O must be collected merely at the spring or through a au naturel hole tapping the belowground formation feeding the spring. After that the H2O will pump through pretreatment systems which include different type of filter which are Chlorination System, Raw Water Pump, Pressure Sand Filter ( PSF ) , Activated Carbon Filter, UV system with piping, valves and instruments. The system utilizes an ion exchange H2O softener and a assortment of filtration methods. The gilded systems incorporate activated C filters to take bad gustatory sensations and olfactory properties from the H2O. Natural H2O may incorporate populating micro-organisms and organics which are obnoxious to Change by reversal Osmosis ( R.O. ) Membrane. Not merely like that, H2O besides contain ferric which can be oxidized to ferric oxide which is settle down in storage armored combat vehicle. Therefore Chlorine Dosing System is designed for this intent. Sodium hypochlorite solution is dosed in Raw Water Storage Tank to respond with H2O to organize a hypochlorite acid which acts as disinfecting agent. The chlorinated natural H2O will so travel to Pressure Sand Filter via Raw Water Supply Pump. The natural H2O is foremost filtered by filtration unit to take suspended affairs and turbidness from natural H2O. Before feeding to the contrary osmosis system ( R.O. Plant ) , free Cl must be removed from the filtrated H2O. This is because chlorine being a strong oxidizing agent which will damage the R.O. Membranes in R.O. Plant. Thus Activated Carbon Filter is map to take Cl, olfactory property and colour while go throughing the H2O through C bed. ( Diagram 1 shows a system for chlorination, acts as Raw Water Pump, Pressure Sand Filter and Activated Carbon Filter. ) Diagram 1 After that spring H2O will pretreatment with rearward osmosis system ( R.O. Plant ) to cut down the sum dissolved solids from natural H2O beginning. The R.O. Plant use membrane-filtration methods to take many types of big molecules and ions from solutions by using force per unit area to the solution. The solute will stay on the pressurized side of the membrane and the pure dissolver is allowed to go through through the other side. ( Diagram 2 shows a R.O. Plant. ) Diagram 2 After passed through R.O. Plant system, the filtrated H2O will has really less TDS ( Total Dissolved Solids ) value which is non good in gustatory sensation. Thus a mineral adding system or blending system will used to heighten the gustatory sensations of the H2O. The scaremonger will blend the physical mineral into the commixture armored combat vehicle and dosing pump will dose the mineral to R.O. Product H2O before ozonation with TDS accountant. The blending system will set the TDS value by adding filtered H2O. ( Diagram 3 shows a Mineral adding system. ) Diagram 3 The mineral added H2O is so stored in Product Water Storage Tank. During storage, atmospheric or any other taint may take topographic point in treated H2O. Hence H2O will feed through the Micron Cartridge Filter. Micron Cartridge Filter will take attention for all right micrometer drosss. It will guarantee the high quality treated H2O before ozonation by taking peculiar affair and some portion of bacteriums and virus. After that the H2O will cysts down to 1 micrometer absolute. ( Diagram 4 shows a Micron Cartridge Filter. ) Diagram 4 After micrometer cartridge filter, H2O comes to the station intervention system which include Ultra Violet system ( U.V. System ) and ozonation. U.V. System will take the bacteriums and viruses one time once more as they may redevelop once more in H2O during drawn-out storage. Hence, the treated H2O is passed through U.V. System which consists of U.V. Tubes which radiates high strength Ultra Violet Rays to kill micro-organisms. Even passed through U.V. System, the bacteriums and viruses may redevelop in jammed bottles over a period of clip. Hence it ‘s necessary to disinfect merchandise H2O prior to bottling filling. The Ozone Generator will turned H2O into O rich H2O and take the bacteriological growing and supply the shelf life of the jammed bottles unless it ‘s unfastened for some period of clip. The ozonation of H2O besides added some gustatory sensation to the treated H2O. Ozonator will bring forth the ozone gas from free ambiance, dry air or force per unit area swing surface assimilation ( PSA ) O generator. Ozone gas will shoot with venturi system mounted on armored combat vehicle with re-circulation armored combat vehicle and pump. ( Diagram 5 shows a U.V. and Ozonation system. ) Diagram 5 Ozone Re-circulating Tank ( ORT ) is designed for required ppm ( parts per million ) Ozone gas mix up in finished merchandise, H2O. In ozone re-circulating armored combat vehicle, H2O re-circulating by required flow rate pump. Continuous re-circulation will supply the ozone concentration to the merchandise H2O before bottling. Overall system: Impact of fabricating mineral H2O on homo and environment First, phthalates are chemicals known to interrupt the endocrines in our human organic structure particularly testosterone, which can take to an unnatural sexual development such as male sterility, premature chest development, malignant neoplastic disease and abortions. Meanwhile, this sort of chemical comes from the fictile H2O bottles by leaching into bottled H2O. Other than that, a random experiment was done during the twelvemonth of 1990 with a trade name of popular bottled H2O and turned up hints of benzine in the bottles where low dose of benzine to human is unaffected but high dose will convey paroxysms and decease. Bottled H2O is besides much more expensive than tap H2O but bottled H2O is frequently no healthier than tap H2O because from the consequences of some surveies had shown that about 25-45 per centum of bottled H2O sold in the United States really comes from municipal resources. Even U.S. FDA ordinances allowed some taint of faecal stuff in bottled H2O and to boot the re are no demands for H2O bottles to be tested for parasites or germicides. Worse is that bottled H2O company are non required to advise their clients if elevated degrees of contaminations are found. The production of H2O bottles is besides making C dioxide non small but is 2.5 million dozenss of it and released to the air and it is the chief key to greenhouse consequence gas that is responsible for planetary heating. Apart from that, we had used excessively many H2O bottles each twelvemonth, it was over-numbered, in U.S. each twelvemonth the sum of H2O bottles can encircle the Earth 150 times if they are set end-to-end but non even 25 per centum is recycled. Due to they are fictile bottles, therefore they decompose easy as the same for other plastics, while we all finished the H2O and the plastic bottles are thrown off, around 2.5 million of fictile H2O bottles an hr and each takes 500 million old ages to break up. Imagine the pollution that was caused by H2O bottles. In order to forestall all of these from go oning, the company should be more toward duty than profitableness and ne’er step out from the safety parametric quantities even though it is non officially secured by the quality applied scientists. How to cite Mineral Water Industry Proposal Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Thomas Coles the Course of Empire free essay sample

The Connection Between Religion and Nature in Thomas Coles The Course of Empire Thomas Cole, a founder of The Hudson River School, can be considered one of the most famous American artists. The Hudson River School focused on creating landscapes of the continental United States in a pastoral setting in which humans were one with the their land. The Hudson River School artists accepted that the beauty and diversity of the American landscape was only possible through the divine grace of god. And while each of their individual piety varied the Hudson River School painters opinioned paralleled those of the fathers of American transcendentalism: Emerson, Thoreau, Whitman. The Hudson River School was able to create a visual depiction of the transcendental thoughts. â€Å"Concurring with Emerson, who had written in his 1841 essay, Thoughts on Art, that painting should become a vehicle through which the universal mind could reach the mind of mankind, the Hudson River painters believed art to be an agent of moral and spiritual transformation. In The Course of Empire, a five piece series and one of Cole’s most famous works, these views about the relationship between man and nature can be observed if analyzed critically. Furthermore, through the critical evaluation of this series the viewer can ascertain that Cole is making an argument against religion that was not in tune with nature—that being a religion or society that choose to conquer nature rather then respect it as a living representation of God. The Course of Empire was created between 1833 and 1836. The five large acrylic paintings represent an imaginary empire and its course from creation to destruction and rebirth. It is clearly the same society Cole depicts throughout the entire series because of the identifiable landscape that serves as both the subject and the setting for each stage of the empire. Cole places individuals in direct interaction or lack there of with the land and through these creative choices one can deduce his feelings towards the development of the Empire. In the first painting of the series, The Savage State, it is the audience’s first introduction to the valley of the soon to be empire. The landscape is a lush one. Its most prominent feature that will be repeated through the rest of the series is the mountain and its cliff in the background of the painting. In the foreground, there is both a vibrant forest and a waterway, which will later become the empire’s defining feature. In addition, there is a hunter in the foreground with a bow and arrow towards a deer on the right side of the painting, which is wounded. This is signifying the hunter portion of society when nature and man are still not in harmony. In the right background, there is a fire surrounding by other figures and tepees that represent Native Americans. The figures are positioned surrounding the fire; in addition they are purposely blurred. The blurring of the figures is an attempt to show movement around the fire. This is Cole’s first illustration of religion. The fire in the center of the Indians with their society and their bodies surrounding it show their respect for element and for what it can do for them. While the hunter counteracts this respect for the area, the basic canoes in the waterway allude to the beginning of fishing and trade. Lastly, the stormy clouds exhibit that nature is not yet a calm being. The Arcadian State is the second of the series. Critics have argued that this is the ideal state of society in both Cole’s opinion and the rest of the Hudson River School. This painting is sometimes also referred to as the Pastoral State. The viewer has moved further back in this view of the valley. The mountain is now father to the left and the waterway is father in the background in contrast to the foreground. In The Arcadian State the figures are far more prominent then in The Savage State. The humans have cleared the lush forest as much of the greenery has been replaced with flat land and fields. In the lower right portion of the painting, there is also a stump signifying a recently cut tree. In the center of the painting is a complex boat in the building stages. There are also many boats including sails in the waterway. On the waterway, a village with visible housing structures has flourished, signifying that the ocean and nature are the way to survival versus the hunter in the Savage State. Across the painting, sheep flock around the humans in a natural way, there is also a sheepherder in the middle left. In the foreground, an older man is writing in the ground with a stick, a younger boy is lying on the ground and girls are playing or possibly dancing with flower garlands. All of the humans wear visible clothing that is colorful in nature signifying that the society has learned to make fabric and dies or traded on the waterway for them. The most important aspect of The Arcadian State is the round stone structure in the center of the painting. It is on a hill facing both the water way and the sun. A clear path also leads up the hill from where the humans are going about their daily activities. The stone structure is almost identical to what historians and archeologists say Stone Henge looked like in its original state: squared arches are created out of rectangle stones placed on top of each other which are all of almost identical size, the arches are placed in a circle with finally two larger arches placed in the center facing each other. The stones also appear smooth and as in the case of Stone Henge this would have to have been done purposely by humans. Stone Henge was used, as a site for worship and this appears to have been Cole’s message in including something of religious meaning that would be simply understood by educated viewers. Out of the center of the stone structure comes a fire possibly signifying a sacrifice as these types of structures were often used as alters. The allusion of a sacrifice signifies a clear belief by the people in some being that controls their lives. At this point in history much of this life including survival and prosperity depend entirely on the weather. The clouds in this painting are completely calm and the sun shines on the people making it evident that at this point the village is in harmony with nature. There is no hunting in this painting only a clear respect for the natural resources through the creation of stronger boats, herding and the fields, which are being plowed by a human in the center towards the background. This is the only painting in which the humans appear to be at peace and enjoying themselves. This reasserts the argument that Cole supports religion when it is in harmony with nature. The third and fourth paintings, The Consummation of Empire and The Destruction of Empire are from the same viewpoint. These paintings are clearly most influenced by Cole’s trips to Europe. The empire has Greek, Roman and Ottoman allusions in it therefore reinforcing that this is an imaginary empire not meant to represent any of the well-known empires of the past. The stone circle has been replaced by a domed building. Both paintings are filled with people yet the hierarchy is evident as is the decadency of the empire. In the bottom left of the The Consummation there is a general or ruler in a red robe raising a structure that appears to be a cross that could be a reference to Constantine and or the crusades. In the bottom right of this picture, there is a woman on a throne with others bowing down to here, there is also a brigade of soldiers with weapons and a fountain depicting control over the elements. The empire has many personified gods across it signifying that worship is now towards people. Gold, potted and decorative plants as well as large ships filled with soldiers also signify that nature is being used for negatives. In The Destruction of Empire the empire in every way falls apart: buildings are burning down, the clouds are back to storming, the ships are breaking in half and a woman is even committing suicide running from a solider which may allude to rape and the unspoken causalities of war. All of these items suggest that Cole feels the decadence and the domination of nature and the position of individuals over the nature lead to destruction. Finally in the fifth painting, Desolation, the empire is literally in ruins. No humans are seen anywhere in the painting. The single standing column is now a home for birds depicting that once again nature is dominating over society. The water is flowing through the ruins also referring to the power of nature. In this painting there is no reference to a religion other then that of the nature itself. The most defining feature of Desolation is the full moon over the water in the center, implying that this day is ending a new one will begin which can be viewed as a rebirth is approaching. Cole paints The Course of Empire during a highly political time between the Federalists and the Democrats, some would argue that The Course of Empire is a political warning of the excesses of democracy but the religious symbolism proves that while it may be a political warning the real warning is one that is much stronger than that: nature and God defeat all that is not done in harmony with them. Cole’s paintings along with the rest of The Hudson River School’s work give birth to the preservation movement in America creating national parks such as Yosemite and allowing for today’s children to see glimpses of the beauty that was all around Cole and his peers.

Avoiding the Passive Voice in Spanish

Avoiding the Passive Voice in Spanish One of the most common mistakes made by beginning Spanish students who have English as a first language is to overuse passive verb forms. Sentences with passive verbs are very common in English, but in Spanish they arent used very much- especially in everyday speech. Key Takeaways: Spanish Passive Voice Although Spanish has a passive voice, it isnt used as much in Spanish as it is in English.One alternative to the passive voice is to turn it into the active voice. Either explicitly state the subject or use a verb that allows the subject to be implied rather than stated.Another common alternative is to use reflexive verbs. What Is the Passive Voice? The passive voice involves a sentence construction in which the performer of the action isnt stated, and in which the action is indicated by a form of to be (ser in Spanish) followed by a past participle, and in which the subject of the sentence is the one acted upon. If that isnt clear, look at a simple example in English: Katrina was arrested. In this case, it isnt specified who performed the arrest, and the person arrested is the subject of the sentence. The same sentence could be expressed in Spanish using the passive voice: Katrina fue arrestada. But not all English sentences using the passive voice can be translated into Spanish the same way. Take, for example, Jose was sent a package. Putting that sentence in a passive form in Spanish doesnt work. Josà © fue enviado un paquete just doesnt make sense in Spanish; the listener might think at first that Jose was sent somewhere. Also, Spanish has quite a few verbs that simply arent used in the passive form. And still others arent used passively in speech, although you may see them in journalistic writing or in items translated from English. In other words, if you want to translate an English sentence using a passive verb to Spanish, youre usually best off coming up with a different way. Alternatives to the Passive Voice How, then, should such sentences be expressed in Spanish? There are two common ways: recasting the sentence in the active voice and using a reflexive verb. Recasting in the passive voice: Probably the easiest way to translate most passive sentences in Spanish is to change them to the active voice. In other words, make the subject of the passive sentence the object of a verb. One reason for using a passive voice is to avoid saying who is performing the action. Fortunately, in Spanish, verbs can stand alone without a subject, so you dont necessarily have to figure out who is performing the action to revise the sentence. Some examples: Passive English: Roberto was arrested.Active Spanish: Arrestaron a Roberto. (They arrested Roberto.)Passive English: The book was bought by Ken.Active Spanish: Ken comprà ³ el libro. (Ken bought the book.)Passive English: The box office was closed at 9.Active Spanish: Cerrà ³ la taquilla a las nueve. Or, cerraron la taquilla a las nueve. (He/she closed the box office at 9, or they closed the box office at 9.) Using reflexive verbs:  The second common way in which you can avoid the passive voice in Spanish is to use a reflexive verb. A reflexive verb is one in which the verb acts on the subject. An example in English: I saw myself in the mirror. (Me vi en el espejo.) In Spanish, where the context doesnt indicate otherwise, such sentences are often understood in the same way as are passive sentences in English. And like passive forms, such sentences dont clearly indicate who is doing the action. Some examples: Passive English: Apples (are) sold here.Reflexive Spanish:  Aquà ­ se venden las manzanas. (Literally, apples sell themselves here.)Passive English: The box office was closed at 9.Reflexive Spanish: Se cerrà ³ la taquilla a las nueve. (Literally, the box office closed itself at 9.)Passive English: A cough isnt treated with antibiotics.Reflexive Spanish: La tos no se trata con antibià ³ticos. (Literally, the cough doesnt treat itself with antibiotics.) Some of the sample sentences in this lesson could be understandably translated to Spanish in the passive form. But native Spanish speakers dont normally speak that way, so the translations on this page would usually sound more natural. Obviously, you wouldnt use the literal translations above in translating such Spanish sentences to English! But such sentence constructions are very common in Spanish, so you shouldnt shy away from using them.

Communism and Russia essays

Communism and Russia essays Life in Russia has always been different from what most of us know in the U.S. Life under monarchy in Russia had its ups and downs. It was ruled by a tsar, up until the Russian Revolution, when the government turned from monarchism to communism. With this new was of life the very existence of the Russian people changed. Soon after the fall of communism, life in Russia has been different. The effect of communism on the Russian people after the Russian Revolution has greatly impacted their lives. With the control of Tsar Nicholas II the Russian people faced food shortages and political scandals. During the time leading up to the revolution, a man by the name of Rasputin convinced Tsar Nicholas II to replace parliament officials. These changes where just a few of the reasons many Russians hated the tsar as well as Rasputin. On March 8, 1917 a severe food shortage caused rioting in Russia. The crowds demanded food and the removal of Tsar Romanov. When the police were called in to break up the crowds, they refused to fire their weapons and joined in the rioting. The aggravated tsar responded by abdicating, ending the 300-year-old Romanov dynasty. Soon after, the Russian royal family was taken hostage. They were kept in a special jail house up until there execution, which was believed to be ordered by Vladimir Ilynch Lenin. With the government in shambles a provisional government was set up but Lenin and the Bolshevik Party soon overthrew it. Vladimir Ilynch Lenin, the new leader, changed the government to communism. Communism had now taken its roll on one of the largest countries in the world, at that time. He only controlled a small area of land that ran from Petrograd to Moscow. Most people, the Whites, hated this new leader and his followers, known as the Reds. The upriseal of the hatred between both groups caused a civil war to break out. Communism, under Lenin, brought a new way of life to the people. Some of it ...

Methods Of Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Methods Of Research - Essay Example In examining the level of evidence, there is a hierarchical structure in place. This hierarchical structure is such that the highest level of evidence can be arrived at through the utility of randomized control trial (RCT). At the second level are Quasi-experiments whereby there is no random assignment of participants to treatment groups, however, treatment and the causal relationship is determined utilizing the same standards as RCTs (Penrod & Morrison, 2004). This is followed by case control studies, case series studies and expert opinion (Slade, Kuipers, & Priebe, 2002). An examination of the implications of the research methodology utilized begs a closer look at RCTs and the Phenomenological approach to research. First and foremost, randomized control trials are defined as study designs where treatments, interventions, or enrollment into different study groups are assigned by random allocation rather than by conscious decisions of clinicians or patients. The goal of RCTs is to ensure that the results obtained from a study are strictly based on the treatment administered and not a direct result of bias or other confounding variables (Philadelphia Panel, 2001). The Phenomenological approach to research, on the other hand, is one that dates back further than the advent of the experimental approach which utilizes RCTs. It is an approach that inextricably links people and the environments of which they are an integral part. Furthermore, it operates from the vantage point which dictates that by virtue of being human, we are dynamic in nature and the dete rminants of health, behavior and other attributes can be described and summarized utilizing clear and concise qualitative methods. These methods as delineated in the phenomenological approach to research offers a vehicle for exploring as well as explaining the experiences of the individuals being studied. In so doing, the data is captured utilizing phenomenological methods and are reported utilizing statistical methods designed for categorical data (Sandelowski, 1986). Qualitative and quantitative research methodology In order to fully explore the similarities and differences between RCTs and the phenomenological approach to research, it is prudent that we first make a distinction between quantitative and qualitative data. First and foremost, quantitative data can be utilized to articulate some notions that may be true when applied generally, they cannot be applied to any specific cases. For example, quantitative methods can be utilized to gather data on the number of patients who respond positively to a certain level of radiation delivered to the tumor and how those numbers compare to similar data collected over the course of several years. In so doing, the data cannot explain why the patients respond to the treatment in a positive manner or what may influence the way in which they respond. Essentially, quantitative methods are limited. As a direct result, quantitative methods prove inadequate when the nature of the research dictates that an explanation of behaviors is needed and qualitative meth ods are called to task (Sandelowski, 1986). In connecting RCTs and phenomenological research methods, with the notion

Finance and Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Finance and Accounting - Essay Example Both these ratios address the bankruptcy issue. According to the calculated ratios, Qatar Telecom’s liquidity position seems to be strong as compared to Vodafone in both the years 2010 and 2011. Qatar Telecom’s personal liquidity ratios have deteriorated in 2011, compared to 2010, but then even the company has a stronger position as compared to Vodafone, which almost has balanced proportion between its current liabilities and its current assets. Vodafone’s personal current and acid test ratio has reduced in the year 2011 and it currently has a ratio of 0.49:1 and a 0.48:1 current and acid test ratio. Gearing Ratios Gearing ratios analyze the proportion of debt to equity within the financing of a company. These ratios illustrate as to how much a company is financed via and how much via equity. A company having more loans and less equity is said to be highly geared and is considered to be more risky but having said that, it can never be stated that a low geared com pany is good, since it is considered to be taking less initiative, hence a balance is to be maintained. According to the calculated ratios, Qatar Telecom is highly geared as compared to Vodafone. The ratios clearly illustrates that the Qtel’s debt financing is 1.59 times its equity financing. Qtel has reduced its debt financing by paying off some of its debt as compared to the year 2010 but this has not been a significant reduction. Qtel’s debts almost amount to 61% (0.61) of their total assets, hence it can be seen that the company has heavily relied upon debts. Vodafone on the other hand has too little debt financing and it can be seen from the ratios that the company prefers equity financing over debt financing. As...By June 2008, Vodafone received was awarded telecom operating license within the country, making the company as the second mobile phone service provider within the country. Vodafone started its services within Qatar on 1st March 2009. This ratio provides an idea to the investors as to the return that that would extract from the company. The return on investment for Qtel has improved and has increased by 1.79% (5.82-4.03). Vodafone’s return on investment has also improved but the company’s losses would not be able to make them give any good to their investors. Since both the companies operate within the same sector, a fair comparison between the performances of the two would be more fruitful. The best technique available to analyze the financial performance of both the companies would be to use ratio analysis. There are various ratios which can be used to evaluate the performance. Following are the ratios which have been calculated to assess the financial performance of both the telecom service providers. From the ratios, it can be derived that the financial performance of Qtel is way better than Vodafone but it can be argued that Vodafone is still within its early and growing phase and that the company has shown good prospects, hence it can improve with the passage of time.

Treatment for Peri-Implant Diseases

Treatment for Peri-Implant Diseases Abstract Introduction: One of the substantial changes in dentistry is the development of implant science. Along with the development of applications, implant science practitioners will face an inevitable challenge which is how to deal with such problems. Recent conducted researches are more concentrated on surgical and prosthetic techniques, while the treatment for peri-implant diseases is still incomplete. Therefore, the aim of this review research is to provide a broad and descriptive overview on peri-implant diseases and to suggest the related treatments. Materials and Methods: Scientific articles were collected by electronic searching through EMBASE and Medline and since controlled clinical trials were limited in this field, no limitation was imposed on the evaluated articles. Moreover, review articles and meta-analysis were used. Results: For implants that bone resorption has affected less than 50% of the implant length, the evaluation is thoroughly recommended. Regarding cases with a range of less than 2mm, the treatment plan will be more inclined towards non-surgical methods and should be treated by Peri-implant mucositis. If the bone resorption is more than 2mm, surgical methods are proved to be more effective and in the cases which has extended more than 50% of the implant length, it is better to remove the implant. Conclusion: By increasing the range of annual dental implant, peri-implant diseases have become a serious challenge in this field. The proposed treatment plan will be a manual for dentists regarding on how to deal with implant problems; although further researches are required to approve the proposed protocols. Keywords: dental implant, disease, peri-implant inflammation. Introduction The success of an implant treatment is approved through various studies (1-4); however, further evaluation is needed on how to treat peri-implant diseases. One of the confirmed causes of dental implant failure is bacterial plaque along with extensive loading (5). Peri-implant diseases include non-specific inflammatory reactions that occur in host tissues (6-9); while the cases of inflammation in soft tissues are known as peri-implant mucositis, which is often considered a reversible reaction. Clinical characteristics of peri-implant mucositis include bleeding when being probed, peri-implant colitis, increase in probe depth (often as false pocket), or erythema and redness of the implant that surrounds tissues (10). It must be noted that symptoms are not necessarily limited to these cases. Moreover, when the inflammatory lesion strikes the bone, it is called peri-implant (11). Peri-implant is an irreversible process and bone resorption in radiography, bleeding, pus discharge during probe, increased pocket depth, ache, or fistula are among its characteristics (12). A loose implant is considered as a â€Å"failed implant† (12); while a â€Å"failing implant† is usually a progressive bone resorption with no looseness. It is a matter of the utmost importance to pay attention to practical differences of these two expressions. Dental implants may fail in various phases: Early failing: Occurs when the absence of initial osseointegeration is due to the inability of reaching the primary bone to implant contact. Factors that can be suggested in this case include early loading, surgical trauma, or incomplete/inappropriate healing response (such as patients with immune suppression, AIDS) (13, 14). Late failure: Happens after the initial integration of physiologic remodeling and loading. Bacterial infection and excessive loading are among the main factors in late failure (15). Failure due to the first year of loading is not prevalent (16). Ailing implant, also defined as peri-implant biological problems, is referred to the limited diseases of peri-implant’s soft tissue that do not affect the supporting bone tissues. On the other hand, loosing non-progressive connections and no looseness are its characteristics (17, 18). Peri-implant inflammatory processes are roughly similar to what happens around the tooth, except in the cases that peri-implant infections are initially less resistant to destruction due to the existence of periodontal ligament (19, 20). In other words, unlike the presence of fibers that are vertically placed around the tooth, peri-implant fibers are mostly parallel because of the absence of cementum. Moreover, the blood supply in peri-implant has been reduced in comparison with tooth (20). The aim of the present review article is to evaluate the causes of peri-implant diseases and its related treatment approaches. Materials and Methods: By electronic searching through EMBASE and Medline, the scientific articles were collected and since controlled clinical trials were limited in this field, no limitation has been imposed on the evaluated articles. Moreover, review articles and meta-analysis were used. Words like Mucositis peri-implant, treatment, peri-implantitis, and implant complications were used while searching for articles. Results: The prevalence of peri-implant diseases was often suggested by retrospective studies (21-23). Frasson et al. (24) indicated that more than 90 percent of peri-implant tissues have some inflammatory response. They have also reported 28% prevalence regarding the mentioned diseases. Roos-Jonsaker et al. (21) stated the prevalence of peri-implant mucositis as 48%, whereas 6.6% of implants have had the peri-implant. Generally, defining the prevalence of peri-implant diseases is slightly difficult due to the application of various protocols, different follow up periods, various implant systems, designs, and practical diameters. On the other hand, related information on implant placement area in terms of bone width and height or its position in mouth cavity is not fixed in various studies. It is said that, the primary cause of inflammation in peri-implant tissues is the resultant infection of anaerobic bacteria (25, 26). Initial evolution of periodontal pathogens in the biofilm of implant levels is reported in edentulous people (27) and it is similar to what has been identified in tooth (28-31). Periodontal pathogens could be colonized in implant level 14 days after mouth cavity exposition and a complicated sub-gingival microbial biomass will shape within 28 days after the implant exposition (32). Sato et al. (33) has clearly shown the presence of most periodontal pathogens in bone resorption cases compared with peri-implant mucositis. Peri- implant inflammation could lead to bone resorption and if it is not managed properly, it could cause implant loss. Furthermore, they illustrated in several cases that the existence of more than 5mm remnant pockets after the treatment of active periodontal disease can increase peri-implant and implant loss (34). This issue underline s the significance of accurate diagnosis in the initial phases of the disease and the necessity of appropriate and timely intervention. Managing and treating peri-implant diseases Controlling peri-implant diseases is a difficult and unpredictable process. One of the most important factors in their treatment is to evaluate implant looseness. The implant must be removed immediately if it comes loose during clinical check, after examining the possibility of abutment screw or prosthesis looseness (15, 18). This type of decision-making is in line with Pisa implant health test criterion, in which three groups are introduced as implants status (compromised success, failure, and satisfactory) (12). In this classification, failure is considered as a loose implant. Generally, looseness of the implant is the indicator of weakened BIC; therefore, a dentist must consider the situation as a criterion and instruction for deciding to whether keep the implant or not. Treating peri-implant mucositis When the implant is not loose, the next step is to identify the presence or range of bone resorption. If no resorption was detected, the diagnosis of peri-implant mucositis is highly probable, which is called Ailing implant (18). On the other hand, if the bone resorption has occurred, we would be facing a peri-implant, known as failing implant. Peri-implant diseases, including peri-implant mucositis, are infectious illnesses caused by Gram-negative pathogens in periodontal (35-37). Similar to the natural tooth, preventing the growth of biofilm and removing it from the implant must be the first phase in preserving the health of peri-implant soft tissue. Hence, treatment methods for peri-implant mucositis has nonsurgical basis and initially consist of mucosa and submucosa scaling. Synthetic treatments, including mechanical debridement and the application of non-microbial factors (such as chlorhexidineand essential oils), have been studied with caution to prevent damaging hemidesmosome joints at sulcus base and satisfactory results were obtained (38-40). However, most studies have proposed the use of antiseptics, the effects of topical antibiotic agents, and irrigation with antibiotics as supplementary treatments in mechanical debridement (41-43). The important point is that, studies have reported some significant advantages regarding the use of such agents in reducing index plaque. Schar et al. (44) indicated that the effect of nonsurgical treatments by photodyna mic therapy is similar to topical antibiotic; however, removing the whole inflammation has not been seen in treatment methods. Various surgical and synthetic methods were employed for surviving and treating ailing implant, which include debridement, decontamination of implant, and regenerative methods (45-52). Nevertheless, determining the best treatment method is not possible due to the variety of clinical conditions. Peri-implant treatment Peri-implant is considered as one of the main concerns in implant treatment. This obstacle is about peri-implant bone resorption with no looseness. For successful treatment of this problem, dentists must realize the range of bone resorption as their first step. Since the common two-dimensional radiographs have low sensitivity and cannot accurately identify the initial lesions (53), implants prognostic evaluations are limited through these diagnostic methods. On the other hand, the treatment of implants with bone resorption is unpredictable in any way, because the mechanical loading of these implants could endanger the long-lasting success (54). In the cases of bone resorption extending to more than 50% of the length, it is highly recommended to remove the implant and after the reconstruction of hard and soft tissues and obtaining acceptable results, it could be replaced in the area. Although these conditions are treatable by Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR), concerning the conducted re searches in this field to achieve this osseointegration is extremely difficult and unpredictable (55). For implants with less than 50% bone resorption, the case must be evaluated accurately. If the resorption is less than 2 mm, design is administered by nonsurgical methods, which is similar to peri-implant mucositis treatment. Nonsurgical treatments have been evaluated by different strategies (56-64). Mechanical debridement, regardless of the technique type, is not individually useful in removing the lesion and complete halting of peri-implant diseases (56). In other words, conducted studies on dogs, in which suture was the cause of disease, has shown favorable results in the form of reduction in periodontal pathogens (57), as well as improvement in clinical parameters such as probe depth reduction, adhesion improvement, bleeding on probe (58), and plaque index due to mechanical treatment. Synthetic treatments along with systemic antimicrobial (amoxicillin, metronidazole, tetracycline and clindamycin) (59) or topical antimicrobials (61, 62) (tetracycline fibers, minocycline microspheres and chlorhexidine gel) have shown a general reduction in number of pathogens and improvement of clinical parameters (index plaque, pocket depth, adhesion limit, and BOP). Laser is suggested as an alternative to mechanical debridement (64) and encouraging results has been reported; however, there is limited information on functionality, useful dosage, and probable effects on the bone, which indicates further research is needed. Consequently, it is worth mentioning that the obtained improvements is limited to clinical parameters and as published in various numbers of researches, not a single case has received the treatment completely. Accordingly, we cannot treat an advanced peri-implant through only nonsurgical method, expecting successful and predictable results. Exception can be made w hen bone resorption is limited and healing is facilitated by nonsurgical methods. Surgical methods are recommended when the bone resorption is more than 2 mm but has affected less than half of the implant length. Serino and Tutti (65) has stated that the success of surgical treatments in peri-implant diseases is related to the range of initial resorption. The employed peri-implant surgical methods is similar to the applied methods in periodontitis and the basic principles, including the removal of pathogens, are used in all the mentioned issues (25). If the aim of treatment is to preserve the bone, pushing the flap aside, similar to flap with apical position is performable (58). Regarding cases in which bone contour modification is considered, bone surgical methods are recommended. In surgical methods, the basic treating principles are the decontamination of infected implants (25). Nonetheless, retaining the integrity of the implant is a considerable challenge for clinicians. Variou s methods have been introduced for implants debridement. Favorable results were achieved in a study that chemical agents, such as metronidazole gel have been used as a flap (58). Although the range of the obtained bone remodeling is minimum, evidences were presented to prove the functionality of abrasive pumices by electric toothbrushes with rotational motion for the purpose of decontamination (66). The comparison of various debridement and decontamination methods, including Air-power abrasive, citric acid, normal saline, gas impregnated with chlorhexidine, or the combination of these methods, did not illustrate a significant difference in terms of bone regeneration and reintegration (67). According to a case report, using flap surgery ( along with decontamination by hydrogen peroxide ) with systemic antibiotic have caused an improvement in clinical parameter (Bleeding on probing) in long term and also halted the disease (68). Irrespective of implant decontamination methods (the com mon mechanical methods, chemical agents, Air-abrasive, laser, saline, and ultrasonic), flap surgery with implant decontamination is a treatment which improves and subsides inflammation, reconstructs the appropriate bone contour around implant, and halts the bone resorption. Bone respective surgeries around the contaminated implant (such as replacing implant levels, implantoplasty) can be performed along with respective surgeries for contour modification and bone anatomy. The obtained results indicated that, implantoplasty has the potential for more improvement compared to debridement with prescribing antibiotics(49). To provide remission and achieve health status in surrounding implant tissues, reintegration is vital and to reach that in a failing implant, various generative methods have been employed and different graft materials have been used to increase the range of BIC. Graft materials including xenografts, allografts, and alloplasts with/without membrane were used for this purpose (46, 47, 51, 69). These studies have shown the improvement of clinical and radiographic parameters as the reduction of probe depth and filling of lesion. There is no strong evidence in this field to support the usage of membrane, while in cases that membrane is used, its exposition is reported as a relatively common problem (66). Some studies proposed resorbable membranes to prevent exposure effects and reduce re-surgeries for removing non-resorbable membranes (51, 52). Currently, despite the lack of consensus on the privilege of a certain membrane, this is highly recommended. Dentists must carefully examine the c linical condition of patients and adopt the ideal treatment strategy based on the proposed methods. There are various methods to prevent the outbreak of disease around a implant, especially in patients with periodontal records, sensitive to peri-implant diseases, and more susceptible to colonization of pathogens (70-74). However, as long as the patient is in a good state of health and attends the follow-up sessions regularly, the issue is not a definite prescription for dental implants (75, 76). It must be noted that peri-implant soft tissue inflammation is possible, even in patients with no periodontal record as well. Accurate elimination and the removal of remnant infection is a prerequisite treatment, since the remaining teeth can act as a source of periodontal and bacterial pathogens. Early pathologic detection is a significant factor in preventing disease progress and long retention of dental implant health. It is worth mentioning that, the depth of peri-implant probing is not considered as a reliable method to check the health of a peri-implant (77) and radiographic evaluatio ns are important, as well. Therefore, peri-implant probing and probe depth enhancement are related to adhesion loss and bone resorption (78, 79), which could be a suitable method for evaluating the adhesion limit. It must be noted that, the accuracy of evaluation methods is a limitation and also, bitewing and peri-apical radiographs are helpful in this field (80). Consequently, a decision tree has been defined to control peri-implant diseases to be used as a manual (81-83). In order to treat and evaluate the peri-implant problems, long term and periodical clinical and radiograph evaluations, along with their comparison to the criteria are needed. Since peri-implantitis and periodontitis are not curable diseases and relapse is probable, longtime retention periods in patients to control and prevent is the matter of the utmost importance. Conclusion By the increase in number of annual implant replacements, peri-implant diseases has become a challenge. The proposed treatment in this project will be a manual for dentists to confront the issue. To confirm the provided protocols, further studies are required in this field. Conflict of interest: None declared.

Oil Refinery and Norwegian Petroleum Directorate

Chartek 59, marketed the world’s first intumescent epoxy material, is a production from the Apollo Program conducted by NASA, in which spacecraft was tested in every aspect to ensure that the astronauts and the spacecraft themselves can withstand the harsh condition of space and the extremely high temperatures of re-entry into the Earth’s atmosphere. The material is used in the heat shield of the Apollo. When re-entering, the shield will burn because of the high temperature due to friction. However, Chartek chars, dissipates heat through burn-off and creates a protective coating which prevents the heat from penetrating anywhere further than the outer surface of the spacecraft, keeping the inside cabin at a comfortable temperature of 21oC. When exposing to high temperature heat or flame, Chartek expands in volume, acting as an insulating barriers. Although there is not yet any serious fire accident reflecting its quality, Chartek is considered an effective material used in modern fireproofing systems, based on the results of tests on stability, integrity and insulation conducted by the Underwritten Laboratories (UL) and Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD). The following table shows some comparison fire endurance times for various composite panels. The black bar shows 60 minutes for the time endurance of a Chartek-coated panel, which is relatively long. It is constantly improved and recently has been marketed out in form of intumescent paints and foams; its innovations are critical fire-proofing materials in such industrial facilities as oil refineries, petrochemical plants, as well as in commercial infrastructures and such public buildings as schools, hospitals, airports and shopping malls. Chartek and one of its innovations, Interchar, contribute largely to the development of safer workplace and public buildings. In normal condition, Chartek coating provides a resilient and smooth finish to the exposed steel structure. In emergency fire events, the materials offer longer time of fire protection, slowing down the process of collapsing and providing more time for the building occupants to evacuate safely. The use of Chartek in fireproofing systems significantly benefits the economy. The infrastructures are so effectively protected in fire events that the cost of repairing the buildings is greatly reduced. The material also acts as a corrosion protection layer, increasing the durability of the inner material, which can save a great deal of money on maintaining the buildings in good condition. In addition, human damage and injury payment can be considerably cut down since the workplace is much safer. Some of Chartek innovations, such as Chartek 3, Chartek 7 and Chartek 1709, are used in the fire-proofing systems of offshore structures as in the oil refinery platform of Norwegian Petroleum Directorate and Caltex Lytton refinery in Brisbane, Australia.

Morally responsible group member

What do groups need in order for them to attain efficiency and productivity? Well, there are a lot of things that could contribute for the attainment of efficiency and productivity. The following are the possible key factors that could contribute for any group to have the optimal level of efficiency and productivity. Sense of responsibility is one of the few aspects in the personality of each and every one of us that must be inculcated in our minds for it encompasses almost all of the positive characteristics that we do in the workplace or even in our everyday activity. Especially working in groups, responsibility calls for doing at least your part or role in the group, with this, effectiveness and efficiency is not far from being experienced by the group. Moreover, when we say responsibility in the workplace it dies not only pertains to self responsibility but also the responsibility of one member to its co-members and the entire group as a whole. By thinking the welfare of each and every member of the group, it would be beneficial to them since they were already going to attain the optimal productivity level that they could reach. Teamwork is another important factor in achieving the highest productivity of any group. Through teamwork, each member uses the ability of their co-members in order for them to come up with an output that is of good quality and condition as compared to when they did not have any teamwork at all. Having teamwork would also picture the kind of personality that each member of the group or organization has. Members of a group that has teamwork have the personality of accepting their own limitation and depend on the skills of their teammate for them to finish their task. Teamwork is very hard to develop in the work palace especially in an organization that has a diversity of culture and personality. This requires great period of time to be developed and only through constant working together is the only way to build up teamwork. It cannot exist in an instant, and cannot be rushed. This is the reason why teamwork is seldom to occur in various organizations and groups that have diverse members. Another factor that contributes to the attainment of optimal productivity and efficiency is the cooperation of every team members is the cooperative orientation of every group members. When we speak of a cooperative orientation we are talking to an individual that is dependent to skills of other members of the group to attain success, productivity and efficiency. Cooperation is attained if the members work hand in hand with their team members and together perform the jobs that they are assigned to them. A person that is a cooperative oriented one is more productive, efficient and successful among the type of person that have already mentioned above for they have the ability to help one another and reinforce the identities of other group members as well as open for the influence of their group members. In short they are open not only to finish their job but also to learn from one another since they are willing to be influenced by their other team members (Suleiman, 2004). There are still other factors that can be raised to support the said claim that cooperative individuals are the most successful and productive one among the characteristics that have mentioned above like, they could also detect and correct the errors in reasoning that they have committed along the way. Moreover, they could also think clearly since they are relaxed from the set up that they have- that they have their own uniqueness inside of them. Everyone is appreciated and these motivate them from performing good in every task that were assigned to them. Transfer of messages is also not a problem to a group that is a cooperative one for they can interpret the messages accurately since they have already this â€Å"special closeness† to one another due to the appreciation of each and every members of the group. Furthermore, cooperative persons take the entire task as a challenge and not as a burden. This promotes for the person to strive hard in order to come up with the best result that they could as compared to a person who treats tasks as a burden who only give what is enough to accomplish the job assigned to them. Cooperative individuals also have good working relationship with one another since they value the significance of one another and accept the limitations that they have. What group members must not develop is the sense of being individualistic for it only promotes self interest and attains less productivity and efficiency. Individualists rely only to their own skills and believing that it would be enough to finish the task that is assigned to the group. They are always after their personal agendas and welfare. They care less on the condition of the entire group and what is the most important to them is to improve their condition regardless of what might happened to the organization if they remain into their kind of mentality. People who are individualistic do not have any notion of appreciating the significance of other member so the group and this eventually lead to miscommunication and affects the intern relationship of the group members. If this left untreated internal conflict might rise and the entire group and organization will be perished at the end of the day. Based from the given sets of possible characteristics of a person must posses in order for them to be morally responsible group member it is a must for them to keep in mind that it is important for the members of the group to aim for the welfare of the entire group and to appreciate the significance of their group members in order for them to build good working relationship with one another and to set harmonious working environment to make them relax and comfortable in working to the organization. The more the individuals value the importance of striving for their best the more they become closer in attaining success. At this point, I just want to stress out that individualisms must be avoided by most of us especially when working in groups. This can only be appropriate in an organization where people work individually or the nature of their job needs to rely only to their own skills like writing and painting. More or less, we still should develop the sense of cooperating with one another for it is the best way of achieving things. REFERENCES Suleiman, R. (2004). Contemporary psychological research on social dilemmas. Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University Press.   

Business Marketing - 1063 Words

Chapter 7 LO1. There are four major trends that have influenced world trade and global marketing . first one is decline of economic protectionism , is the practice of shielding one or more industries within a country’s economy from foreign competition through the use of tariffs or quotas . Second is rise of economic integration , just like creation of the European Union and the North American Free Trade Agreement . Third , there exists global competition among global companies for global consumers , resulting in firms adopting global marketing strategies and promoting global brands . And finally , is the emergence of a networked global marketspace has emerged using internet technology as a tool for exchanging goods , services , and†¦show more content†¦Step 4 is develop findings from the marketing research data collected . This involved analyze the data and present the findings of the research . The last step is take marketing actions , which involves implement the action rec ommendations , evaluate the results . LO3. Secondary data have already been recorded before the start of the project and consist of two parts : internal secondary data , which originate from within the organization , such as sales reports and customer comments , and external secondary data , which are created y other organizations , such as the U.S. Census Bureau , or business and trade publications , Primary data are collected specifically for the project and are obtained by either observing or questioning people . LO4. Marketing researchers observe people in various ways , such as electronically using Nielsen people meters to measure TV viewing behavior or personally using mystery shoppers or ethnographic techniques . A recent electronic innovation is neuromarketing --useing high-tech brain scanning to record the responses of a consumer’s brain to marketing stimuli like packages or TV ads . 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