Causes of 2003 Us Iraq War - 3883 Words

Liberalism and Hegemonic Stability Theory As Causes for the 2003 US-Iraq War Many factors went into the decision of United States leaders to enter into war with Iraq in 2003. These reasons can be related to various classical and modern theories on the causes of war between states. Though there are several stances and viewpoints on the righteousness or legality of the war on Iraq, an objective eye will notice that the real factors for going to war are neither grounded in righteousness nor law. They involve the maintenance of peace and power for those in control, in this case, the United States. The theories of Liberalism and Hegemonic Stability Theory both sufficiently account for the United States main motivations for entering war†¦show more content†¦Should the liberal state accomplish its goal of helping to establish a liberal state in the foreign country then it will be one condition closer to establishing a state of perpetual peace with that state from that point on. The tensions that exist between liberal and n on-liberal states comes from the idea that autocratic non-republican states are much more likely to go to war over reasons that would not spur a liberal state towards the same ends. Doyle states in his 1986 essay, Liberalism and World Politics, Liberal states have been attacked and threatened by non-liberal states that do not exercise any special restraint in their dealings with the liberal states. Authoritarian rulers both stimulate and respond to an international political environment in which conflicts of prestige, interest, and pure fear of what other states might do all lead states toward war, [Doyle 1986, 296]. Doyle explains that the fears and egos of non-liberal rulers can easily lead them towards war. These same fears and egos can be checked by a liberal republican state structure. Should a liberal state notice this aggression and fear within a foreign state, and if the foreign state is becoming too powerful and threatens its existence, then there may be cause for the liberal state to make a preventive strike against the threatening non-liberal nation. Preventive wars are commonly thought of as a product of Hegemonic Stability Theory. Hegemonic Stability TheoryShow MoreRelatedEssay America Needs the War in Iraq755 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica Needs the War in Iraq It has been three years since the war in Iraq started. In the US, people are afraid of some attacks, which may come in the future from terrorist groups. The US wants to control Iraq completely this time. Everyday, wherever I go, the news about war catches my ears and eyes. It is on the radio, on the net, and on television programs in the US. It means that everybody in this country really is concerned about the situation in Iraq because of AmericanRead MoreWar Againsts Iraq: The Media, Its Portrayal of the War and the Effect of Its Perspective1374 Words   |  6 PagesWar against Iraq By Olivier Gaudreau When the US initiated the 2003 invasion of Iraq, it gave the justification that the Iraqi dictator, Saddam aided the perpetrators of the September 11 attack on United States soil. The Bush administration also accused Saddam of engineering a nuclear program and amassing destructive weapons. All the US justification and the entire war have been highly criticized on many fronts. The media has taken the lead on shaping public opinion on both sides of the war, thatRead More The Conflict and Struggles in Iraq Essay1581 Words   |  7 PagesThe Conflict and Struggles in Iraq Throughout history, the United States has attempted to overthrow corrupt government in other areas of the world and instating democracies such as ours. What the United States fails to realize is that reforms in a country’s political structure do not occur overnight, but rather to enforce these new changes, money and time is required. Sometimes the money and time seem to be more than we as a country bargain for, but I am a firm believer that youRead MoreThe United Kingdom And Iraq During The Invasion Of Iraq1407 Words   |  6 PagesThe 2003 Invasion of Iraq began on 19 March and ended 1 May 2003 with coalition forces the United States and its allies (United Kingdom, Australia and Poland) invading Iraq, called Operation Iraqi Freedom. The United Kingdom Prime Minister at the time, Tony Blair felt that the threat of terrorism from Iraq must be dealt with immediately, with his speech in Texas 2002 saying that the United Kingdom must be prepared to act where weapons of mass destruction and terrorism loom over them. 1 The war endedRead MoreThe Battle Of The War On The World1247 Words   |  5 Pagesissues as a whole is needed. The actions in question were operations DESERT STORM and IRAQI FREEDOM between January of 1991 and the end of the Iraq war on August 31st of 2010. These conflicts ended with the invasion of Kuwait, Iraq, and eventually the occupation of Iraq by US forces after the events of September 11th 2001. The region of the middle eat that Iraq occupies is known to many as the Cradle of Civilization being home to some of the earliest known human civilizations in the world. For the pastRead MoreWas The 2003 Invasion Of Iraq A Legitimate Humanitarian Intervention?1233 Words   |  5 PagesWas the 2003 invasion in Iraq a legitimate humanitarian intervention? ​Whether the 2003 invasion in Iraq was a legitimate humanitarian intervention or not, is two folded. For instance, when viewed in the perspective of protecting the Iraqi citizens from the inhumane reign that they were subjected to, the invasion can said to be legitimate humanitarian intervention. On the other hand, when the invasion is seen in terms of its aftermath such as the destruction caused by it, the unpredictability natureRead MoreDecolonization : The Wretched Of The Earth 250 )1737 Words   |  7 Pagesback against their former European oppressors since it was the Europeans who started the violence: In Algeria and Angola, Europeans are massacred at sight. It is the moment of the boomerang; it is the third phase of violence; it comes back on us, it strikes us, and we do not realize any more than we did the other times that it s we who have launched it. (20) Sartre also blames the idea of non-violence by insisting that this passivity only serves the oppressors: Try to understand this at any rateRead MoreGeorge Wolfowitz s Decision Points Essay1345 Words   |  6 PagesBush administration to invade Iraq in 2003 despite strong opposition from the international community? On one side, the administration maintains that the invasion was necessary to prevent Iraq from developing weapons of mass destruction (WMDs). In his memoir â€Å"Decision Points†, Bush argued that Saddam posed too much of a threat–he brutalized his own people, violated international demands, and sponsored terrorist groups like al-Qaeda. On the opposing side, critics of the war argue that the Bush administrationRead MoreEssay The Invasion of Iraq was Illegal1703 Words   |  7 Pagesdictatorship warranted war, then we might also need to invade Zaire, Zimbabwe, Syria, Libya, China, and a host of other countries† (Babka) . This is a common argument that has been brought up by others who believe the invasion of Iraq was illegal. However, the failed diploma tic policies of the United States are what led to the failed invasion of Iraq. George W. Bush sent an invasion to Iraq with only Congress approving his â€Å"Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002†.Read MoreThe Iraqi Intrusion Of Kuwait On Second Of August 19901607 Words   |  7 Pagescapacity to keep up steadiness in the wake of the cold war. Saddam Hussein s aggression created alternate oil emergencies, driving up costs. It tested the late recovery in status of the united countries. What s more it brought up issues about the preparation of the US and USSR to coordinate with each other, in circumstances which had connections to Iraq, however Washington was resolved to free Kuwait ( Young Kent 2004). The war demonstrated of focal significance to the Bush organization

Organizational Behavior Is An Important Tool For Managers...

In today’s business world, Organizational Behavior is an important tool for managers to effectively manage teams and it aids in being able to understand and foresee human behavior in an organization. It studies on how organizations can be arranged more accurately, and how several events in their outside situations effect organizations. It has become more significant today than in previous years because organizations must master to adapt to the rapidly changing business cultures that have stemmed from a competitive market. In order to know how to handle a new workforce, and cope with the challenges of the new environment, the employers need to deliver their message about behavior and attitude of groups, and individuals in corporation. According to Graham and Krueger (1996), soft skills were never a part of management training and it was precious that employers were advised for possessing those skills. If employer can understands on an employee s adaptability, personality, and creativity, motivating that employee the way he need to be motivated is never a gray area and a guaranteed success. The study of organizational behavior is one of the most significant elements in the management sciences, as it makes management learn from what has succeeded elsewhere. Generally, financial strength is a measure of the organizations past success. What determines whether the organization will continue to deliver sought-after products, will continue to develop cutting edge technology, willShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding Human Behavior1257 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Understanding Human Behavior: As a critical aspect for many organizations, the study of human behavior and the interactions between people and the organization is usually described as organizational behavior since its mainly geared towards understanding and forecasting human behavior. 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The sociotechnical theory was developed in the early 1950’s and was designed to refine the socialRead MoreImportance of Organizational Behavior Essay798 Words   |  4 PagesThe Importance of Organizational Behavior In any organization one can assume that the main goal of that business is to succeed; what exactly does being a winning organization mean and what does it take to get there? In the past companies placed a great amount of emphasis on the numbers and how to achieve those numbers. The people who actually helped achieve those numbers were graded on their technical skills, productivity, and budgets. Employees were moneymaking machines and how they achievedRead More The Importance of Organizational Behavior Essay781 Words   |  4 Pages The Importance of Organizational Behavior In any organization one can assume that the main goal of that business is to succeed; what exactly does being a winning organization mean and what does it take to get there? In the past companies placed a great amount of emphasis on the numbers and how to achieve those numbers. The people who actually helped achieve those numbers were graded on their technical skills, productivity, and budgets. Employees were moneymaking machines and how they achievedRead MoreWhat Strengths Of Organizational Leadership Presented By Sales And Marketing1635 Words   |  7 Pagesprovisions for sexual harassment; and HR Manager (SS) Sheila Simmons lacks communications skills, and high job stress. Identifying the strengths of organizational leadership presented by Sales and Marketing (PI) Kenneth Bright along with OD consultant can lead and manage the organizational change. The OD consultant plans to introduce and communicate the change initiative to the employees begin with an interview questions by gender, organizational levels and age. Using Lewin’s method (B), functionsRead MoreManagement, Organizational Behavior, And Systems Theory1027 Words   |  5 Pagessuccessful. There are many different approaches to management that a manager might use to help discover any problems and make proper decisions to solve anything that might go wrong. When it comes to contemporary methods there are four ways that a manager might utilize working with people, technology, resources, and the internal and external environments. These include sociotechnical theory, quantitative management, organizational behavior, and systems theory. Also, there are parts of an organizations internalRe ad MoreOrganizational Structure Essay1147 Words   |  5 PagesDate: January 18, 2013 To: MG 561 Class From: Jessica Rushing Subject: â€Å"Organizational Structure† Introduction: Organizational structure provides the framework of an organization determining how roles and responsibilities are delegated throughout the different levels of the organization. It has been defined by some as the looking glass through which coworkers see their organization and its surrounding environment while others have described structure as the backbone of the organizationRead MoreCase Analysis: Employee Attitudes710 Words   |  3 Pagesinclude Schwartz’s 10 values that guide a person’s behavior. Another method used is affective, cognitive, and behavioral components that influence behavior by increasing organizational commitment. Increasing employee involvement is also important to management. Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior can be used by managers to increase employee performance during a recession. Schwartz proposed that there are 10 values that guide a person’s behavior. The 10 values that he proposed are as follows: powerRead MoreThe Impact Of Motivation On An Organization s Development1652 Words   |  7 PagesMotivation is what drives people to succeed and reach their goals. This plays an important role in enhancing an organisation’s development. An employee’s motivation can play a big part in organisational behaviour, as it is a fundamental part of how the employee performs in their role and how they assist the organisation in attaining their goals. Self-interest is defined as: â€Å"focus on actions or activities that are advantageous to an individual or organisation. For a business or individual to surviveRead MoreImportance of Values and Organizational Behavior692 Words   |  3 PagesThere are three primary purposes to this paper. The first is that the paper aims to describe why personal values are important. Obtaining a clear definition as to what values are varies from person to person. According to the paper values are the things that matter most to an individual (Posner, amp; Munson, 1979). Values are crucial to understanding behavior. Values allows a person to assess what is just and fair what they are willing to sacrifice in order to obtain something. Values are what eventually

Taxation and Law for Travelling Business Expenses Report

Question: Describe about the Taxation and Law for Travelling Business Expenses. Answer: 1: A: The travelling expenses are incurred by newly admitted lawyer resident in Bendigo. The total travelling expenses incurred is of $2000. He has been travelling to Melbourne and back five times per week for training and playing football. Interpretation of section 25-100 of Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 is important to understand whether this expenses incurred by the lawyer would be allowed as deduction or not. There are two aspects to it; one is whether the expenses were incurred in relation with increasing assessable income or two places connected to his profession or job. The travel expenses would be allowed to be deduction only if the travelling expenses incurred to the extent of travelling between two workplaces. The travel expenses linked between two places and the assessee was engaged in the first place for the purpose of gaining or producing assessable income. The purpose of travelling to second place was mainly to engage to gain or produce assessable income and The assessee was engaged in business and profession in the second place to gain assessable income. Therefore the link between two places should be related to business and profession and the purpose of the travelling should be to gain or produce assessable income. Here the newly admitted lawyer who has the potential to become a good footballer travelling between work place to training place. The travelling cost is linked to his profession and the expenses were incurred to gain and produce assessable income. Therefore the travelling expenses of $2000 should be allowed as deduction (Austlii, 2016). B. In this case a large accounting firm paid $14,000 being the total amount of expenses in respect of return air travel ($4,000) to the USA by its administration manager to purchase a new office computer ($10,000). The travelling cost and deduction of such attracts section 25-100 of Income Tax Assessment Act 1997. Hereby the interpretation of section 25-100 of Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 is important to assess the air travel expenses incurred by the accounting firm. It is to be assessed whether the expenses incurred is in relation to the business or office related reasons or not. There are two aspects for assessment of the expenses; whether it would be deductable or not. Here the assessee is travelling between two places which are integrated to his profession and the travelling was part of his responsibility as an employee of the accounting firm for increasing assessable income or two places connected to his profession or job. As the section clearly states that in following cases, the travelling expenses would be allowed as deduction from assessable income of assessee. The travel expenses will be allowed to be deduction only if expenses incurred to the extent of travelling between two workplaces. The travel expenses linked between two places, the assessee is engaged in his profession or work at that first place for the purpose of gaining or producing assessable income. The purpose of travelling to second place was mainly to gain or produce assessable income from the business and The assessee was also engaged in the second place for business and profession to gain assessable income (Austlii, 2016). If these aspects are considered, the administration manager went to purchase computer for his office and that would ultimately be used for gain or produce assessable income. Therefore the air travel expenses of $4000 would be allowed as deduction. On the other hand if the administration manager attended a conference on advanced office management techniques, then it would also be deducted as expenses as the conference was attended by him with the target of learning the best techniques for office management which would ultimately be used to increase his assessable income. C: According to 32-50 Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 some other expenses are incurred in relation to the work or profession is allowable as deduction. Here, Adrian Robertson is a lecturer at a Melbourne University, from which he derives his income from the university only. Adrian has a separate room in his house which he uses for works of office like writing conference papers and marking assignments and exam papers, he finds difficult to complete in his office at the university. The expenditure related to this is of $700. Any expenses incurred in relation to the occupation or of profession including foods and meals would be allowed as deduction. Here the expenses are mainly linked to the occupation. The important part of the taxation is nothing but understanding of the cost. If the cost is related to the business expenses then it will be allowed as deduction here the case is same. The expenses incurred are in relation to the occupation and the profession, therefore the cost will be allo wed as deduction. The expenses incurred are work related even food expenses incurred related to occupation and profession would be allowed as deduction. The expenses incurred by the lecturer are mainly work related and therefore the expenses incurred in relation to it would be allowed as deduction. Therefore the expenses would be allowed as deduction (Austlii, 2016). D: The payment interest is a allowable deduction but the loan has to be used for the business and for the profession. There is specific legal opinion regarding deduction of interest from assessable income. The assess has to accept the loan from a financial institution and the loan was accepted on the basis of the business profile of the person. The acceptance of loan therefore would be allowable expenses. Interest payment is allowable as deduction as long as it is paid to gaining or producing assessable income or the loan is accepted for the business and profession. In those cases the interest on loan is allowable expense (Iknow, 2016). Here, Daniel is an accountant who incurred extensive losses ($75,000) from the FOREX market caused by the recent BREXIT event. He has used borrowed monies partly to meet this loss. The legislators have not been able to sum up all the areas of business in the law book but the understanding and the interpretation would help in analysis the relation of the cost and its actual application by the assess. This simply means that the interest is paid in relation to the business for gaining or producing assessable income. Therefore the interest paid would be accepted in income tax as deduction (Legislation, 2016). 2 : A : The residential status for income tax in Australia is determined by his stay at Australia in the income year. If the person stays at Australia for six months, this would simply imply that the person is resident. The stay of six months is important to determine his residential status (Ato, 2016). A person who has been out of the country for number of years is not a resident as far as income tax act of Australia is concerned. The tax residency of the person will be calculated on the basis of his stay at that country. Here in Australia if a person stays therefore more than six months in an accounting year, the person would be tax resident of Australia. The income received from Australian sources along with income generated from other sources outside Australia will be clubbed during tax calculation. If an Australian stays out of Australia and comes back to the country and stays there for six months and more he would be liable to pay tax according to Australian tax law. Here stay of six m onths does not mean continuous stay but stay of six months could be a discontinued stay also. Lleyton is a professional tennis player born in Australia in 1972 who spent all his life there until 1990 when he travelled to France and the USA to play in tennis tournaments. During the income year to 30 June 2016 he spent 6 months in the USA and 2 months in France and spent the remaining time in that year living with his parents in Australia. Therefore, his total stay in Australia is of four months, which is below the criteria of six months. Therefore, Lleyton would be considered as nonresident for income year to 30 June 2016 (Ato, 2016). B: If the tax residency of the person is proved and the person working in a different country has not stayed in Australia for six months, his income from the foreign source will not be taxed according to the income tax rules. Here the income of the tennis player is derived from the foreign source and he was not a tax resident in Australia during his stay in Australia. The resident Australian if earns any income from foreign source would be taxed in Australia. During his life he stayed in Australia till 1990 and then went to USA and France. He spends his time in USA and France and played tennis tournaments. This simply means that the arising from the tennis tournaments would not be considered as income under Australian Income Tax. If the person during his stay in Australia earns assessable money but he not a tax resident of Australia, his income would not be taxed. References: Ato, 2016. Are you a resident? [Online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Calculators-and-tools/Are-you-a-resident/ [Accessed 16 September 2016]. Ato, 2016. Work out your tax residency. [Online] Available at: https://www.ato.gov.au/Individuals/International-tax-for-individuals/Work-out-your-tax-residency/ [Accessed 16 September 2016]. Austlii, 2016. INCOME TAX ASSESSMENT ACT 1997 - SECT 25.100. [Online] Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/itaa1997240/s25.100.html [Accessed 16 September 2016]. Austlii, 2016. INCOME TAX ASSESSMENT ACT 1997 - SECT 32.50. [Online] Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/itaa1997240/s32.50.html [Accessed 16 September 2016]. Iknow, 2016. Interest expense. [Online] Available at: https://www.iknow.cch.com.au/topic/tlp821/overview/interest-expense [Accessed 16 September 2016]. Legislation, 2016. Income Tax Assessment Act 1997. [Online] Available at: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013C00082 [Accessed 16 September 2016].

Teen Pregnancy Advocacy free essay sample

Teen Pregnancy Advocacy Project Proposal Families with teens and adolescence are faced with many social issues as well as common health problems. There are families within our society that comprise a special aggregate known as at-risk teens. One problem or concern that exists for this aggregate group is early pregnancy. The rate in which adolescent females are giving birth in the United States (U. S. ) has decreased over the past few years. However, the U. S. teen pregnancy rate continues to be as much as nine times higher than other developed countries (Morbidity And Mortality Weekly Report, 2011). Every community in the United States (U. S. ) is comprised of families. Although each family has a different set of values, morals and cultural beliefs, many family units involve teenagers. Each family unit has the potential to be exposed to or become a part of the phenomena of unintended adolescent pregnancy. The U. S. teen pregnancy rate continues to be as much as nine times higher than other developed countries (Morbidity And Mortality Weekly Report, 2011). Statistical information regarding this aggregate group illustrates the frequency of teen pregnancy in the United States as well as in the African-American community. Increased rates of teen pregnancy also increases the occurrence of preterm birth, infant mortality and, low birth weight. Moreover, adolescent females who give birth are more likely to experience socioeconomic hardships including but not limited to failure to complete high school education, low socioeconomic standing (Morbidity And Mortality Weekly Report, 2011). The offspring of adolescent parents tend to have poor health, low cognitive development, experience low educational achievement and, offspring experience increased rates of adolescent pregnancy (Jutte, Roos, Brownell, Briggs, MacWilliam Roos, 2010). Negative health risks and outcomes are not limited to infancy. Studies have shown that mortality rates of children between the ages of six thru seventeen years old, born to adolescent females, was increased. Moreover, the increased rate of hospitalization of these children continued through adolescence (Jutte et al. , 2010). Community Health Plan Overview Advocacy is the use of information and resources to create organized changes that influence the way community members or aggregates live. The intention of advocacy is to address the quality of life for both aggregates as well as community members (Stanhope Lancaster, 2010). Christoffel’s conceptual advocacy framework is used to categorize the advocacy efforts community health nurses can take. The conceptual framework for advocacy occurs using three stages: information, strategy and action (Stanhope Lancaster, 2010). This concept aligns the stages sequentially however, in daily practice, the stages occur simultaneously. The information stage describes the activities utilized to define, describe and measure the health problem. The strategy stage refers to the use of acquired data and information to identify areas requiring change or intervention for the improvement of health. The action stage is the activities used in implementation of strategies (Stanhope Lancaster, 2010). Christoffel’s conceptual advocacy framework is a useful tool for creating an action plan for the prevention of pregnancy among the aggregate group, at risk teens. The community health nurse would utilize the three stages of the conceptual model to create and execute activities. First, during the information phase, the community health nurse will conduct research to identify and gather data regarding the at risk adolescence. The data collected will consist of details regarding the health concerns of early pregnancy, the patterns of occurrence of early pregnancy as well as identified risks. Moreover, this phase will outline program efficacy at each level of prevention as well as barriers to the effectiveness of programming. During the strategy phase the community health nurse will disseminate the data gathered to professionals, professional organizations, individuals and others who are directly or indirectly affected by or affiliated with the aggregate group or the health concerns. This information released will outline objectives as well as establish timetables. Moreover, the release of information will assist in the mobilization of organizations and groups to aid in the development of methods to promote needed changes. This stage will produce the information required for policy statements, educational campaigns in the media and print campaigns regarding the at risk teen and early pregnancy. Finally, the action stage of the action plan will consist of the community health nurse implementing specific strategies for the purpose of changing attitudes, changing health habits and allocating resources that can have a positive effect upon early pregnancy among adolescence. The community health nurse will engage members of the political arena and educate regarding the aggregates health issue and needs. Moreover, the community health nurse will gather the necessary financial resources needed for programing. In addition to securing resources, the community nurse will specify tactics and created detailed outlines of the various timelines associated with the program. Social Marketing Providing community health programs to a community or aggregate is a step in the right direction. However, the community or aggregate must understand the importance of health related behaviors as well as the need for participating in the interventions designed to change negative health behaviors. Social marketing provides the tools necessary to motivate the community or aggregate toward health promotion and prevention activities and programs (Aras, 2011). Social Marketing is vital to the success of any community advocacy program. Social marketing is the process of using marketing principles and techniques to allow program developers create, communicate, and deliver value and to influence stakeholders behaviors that benefit the health of or fulfill the health needs of a community or aggregate (Aras, 2011). The success of social marketing of a community advocacy program is dependent upon the development of the right product to fulfill the health needs associated with the community or aggregate identified. Moreover, offering programs at the right price, in the right place, with the right strategy for promotion, and with supporting policies influences the success of advocacy programs (Aras, 2011). The right product to fulfill the health needs associated with the aggregate, at risk adolescents, includes the offering of health promotion behaviors, description of the benefits of those behaviors, and the offering of supportive services to facilitate the use of new behaviors. While at the same time, the price of the program describes the adolescent’s cost of changing health behaviors or implementing interventions. Offering programs and services to the adolescent in the right place includes offering services in places of convenience as well as places within their comfort zone. Moreover, the right strategy for promoting services to adolescents includes communicating the purpose of the program that makes it familiar, acceptable, and desirable to them. Measurable outcomes Assessments to measure the outcome of learning include formative and summative assessments. Formative assessments are used to adjust or modify the learning and instructional environment during the implementation of a program. While at the same time, summative assessments are designed to evaluate the knowledge or lack of knowledge of the program participants (Pellegrino, 2010). Associated behaviors and risk factors that contribute to teen pregnancy are numerous. Risk factors for early pregnancy include demographic factors, sociocultural factors, psychological maturity and, cognitive maturity. Associated behaviors that increase risk for early pregnancy include early sexual activity, substance use and abuse, violence and peer influences (Talashek, Alba Patel, 2006). Measurable outcomes for the adolescent pregnancy prevention program include the reduction in early sexual activity and the reduction of substance use and abuse among program participants. Formative and summative assessment that can be utilized for the evaluation of program outcomes include end-of-unit quizzes, end-of-program tests, criteria and goal setting, and self-assessment (Pellegrino, 2010). End-of-unit quizzes allow program facilitators to evaluate the knowledge and education gained by program participants following each phase of instruction. Moreover, these quizzes offer the opportunity to identify and readdress concepts that were not fully grasped. Program facilitators can administer end-of-program tests to determine the knowledge gained and the extent of behavior changes implemented by program participants at the time of program conclusion. This assessment allows facilitators to determine of program participants have gained the necessary tools needed to continue health promoting behaviors. Criteria and goal setting with program participants involves them in the instruction and learning process by generating clear expectations. Furthermore, self-assessment allows the program participant to reflect upon past, present and future health related behaviors which will increase the level of involvement in learning activities. Impact on Public Policy The success of a teen pregnancy prevention program will impact public health policy. The impact includes but is not limited to increased public education regarding sexually transmitted disease, increased public offering of contraceptives as well as increased accountability for states to prevent teen pregnancy. Conclusion Although the teen pregnancy rate in the U. S. continues to be high compared to its counterparts across the globe, great strides are being made to eradicate this epidemic. The use of teen pregnancy prevention programs is essential for the identification of risk factors and behaviors that increase the adolescent female’s likelihood of early pregnancy. Moreover, prevention programs promote the use of interventions and strategies that reduce risk factors and behaviors that place adolescents at high risk for early pregnancy.